MIT's involvement inmilitary sciencesurged duringWorld War II. In 1941,Vannevar Bushwas appointed head of the federalOffice of Scientific Research and Developmentand directed funding to only a select group of universities, including MIT.[59]Engineers and scientists from across the country gathered at MIT'sRadiation Laboratory, established in 1940 to assist theBritish militaryin developingmicrowaveradar. The work done there significantly affected both the war and subsequent research in the area.[60]Other defense projects includedgyroscope-based and other complexcontrol systemsforgunsight,bombsight, andinertial navigationunderCharles Stark Draper'sInstrumentation Laboratory;[61][62]the development of adigital computerfor flight simulations underProject Whirlwind;[63]andhigh-speedandhigh-altitudephotography underHarold Edgerton.[64][65]By the end of the war, MIT became the nation's largest wartime RD contractor (attracting some criticism of Bush),[59]employing nearly 4000 in the Radiation Laboratory alone[60]and receiving in excess of $100 million ($1.2 billion in 2015 dollars) before 1946.[51]Work on defense projects continued even after then. Post-wargovernment-sponsored researchat MIT includedSAGEand guidance systems forballistic missilesandProject Apollo.[66]